Fluency & Learning Essay

The purpose of this paper is to specify an interesting story and design reading activities around it to increase the reading fluency of students. The paper starts with a synopsis of The Cay, a tale of survival, in which a young boy is blinded by a severe blow on the back of his head while his ship which makes him entirely dependent on Timothy. The adventurous nature of this story makes it interesting for the students to read and carry out different activities on it, thus contributing to their reading fluency The Cay The book is written by Theodore Taylor. The story deals with a young boy’s misconceptions about race and a black sea man, Timothy, with whom he gets shipwrecked on a deserted island. The young boy, Philip, is blinded by a severe blow on the back of his head while his ship was destroyed by the enemy torpedo. This makes him entirely dependant on Timothy, at least initially through his stay at the island. As Philip explores the island and learns the art of survival and relies less on Timothy, their relationship and mutual respect grows for each other, when they learn to survive and live within the means available at the island. Their struggle to face the odds and survive on an isolated island with no food and water, indeed makes this an interesting tale of survival. (Polette, 1995) I’ll be employing following five different activities for the children to work with the story. Student-Adult Reading In student-adult reading, the class will be divided into small groups and each group will be assigned a chapter from the novel to read. The student will read out loud from the novel with me while the rest of the children listen. I will read the text first, which will actually give the student a model of fluent reading. This is followed by the student reading the same text, while I would assist and encourage him or her during the process. I would repeat this process with individual student until the subject gains fluency in reading the particular passage. (Fluency & Learning to Read – Reading Fluency) c In this activity the students will read a particular passage from the novel along with me as a group. To carry out this activity, each student will be provided his/her own copy of the novel. I would read a particular passage starting from the first chapter so that the children begin to comprehend the story ad they are familiarized with the words. After reading a particular passage I would re-read the passage aloud to model fluent reading but this time asking the students to join in and read the passage along with me. This would be repeated three to five times on selected days of the week. At the end of this routine students should be able to read the text independently. (Reading Fluency, 2002) Tape-assisted Reading This activity follows a different method. Students are supposed to read from their books while they hear and follow a fluent reader read the text from the book on an audiotape. For this activity to be a success the recorded voice should be reading the text at about 80-100 words per minutes. Each student must have his/her copy of the novel in front of him/her and the recorded voice should be loud and audible. To start with, student should point along the text with his finger while listening to the recorded voice. After this practice the student must read out the text aloud with the tape. Reading the text loud with the tape must continue until the student gains fluency and can read the material without the support of the recorded voice. Fluency is important in readind as it allows the particiants to groud words together and focus more on their meanning rather than decoding the text. On the other hand less fluet readers direct more attention towards word recognition than comprehension of the given text. The above mentioned exercise is therefore aimed at easing the hesitation in reading. (Fluency, 2001) Partner Reading Partner reading is an activity which involves a couple of students taking turns to read the text aloud to each other. This would turn out to be an effective reading practice in which fluent readers can be paired with less fluent ones. The less fluent reader will use the fluent reader’s style of expression as a model and learn quickly. The better skilled reader provides help to the weak reader with word recognition and assists him in the process. Another approach to partner reading is check list reading where both the partners are given checklists. After explaining the students how they can change the pitch of their voice to make it more realistic, each students is asked to read out the passage to their respective partners thrice following the above instructions. At the end each students submits a report regarding their partner’s fluency which can be improved upon in the next session. (Murray) Readers’ theatre Readers’ theatre involves students rehearsing and performing a play for their fellow students and friends. Characters from the novel can be assigned to different students who can then act out the play by reading from their individual scripts derived from the novel. ‘The Cay’ will be a suitable book for this practice as it is rich in dialogues. This kind of activity makes reading more appealing and enhances fluency by providing students with the opportunity to interact with their peers on a different level. References Fluency & Learning to Read – Reading Fluency. (n. d. ). Retrieved July 2008, from http://www. time4learning.com/readingpyramid/fluency. htm Fluency. (2001). Retrieved July 2008, from Reading Rockets: http://www. readingrockets. org/teaching/reading101/fluency Murray, D. B. (n. d. ). Developing Reading Fluency. Retrieved July 2008, from http://www. auburn. edu/%7Emurraba/ Polette, N. (1995). The Cay by Theodore Taylor. Retrieved July 2008, from http://www. nancypolette. com/LitGuides/cay. pdf Reading Fluency. (2002). Retrieved July 2008, from http://readingserver. edb. utexas. edu/downloads/primary/guides/Fluency_Presentation. PDF

Plato theory of forms Essay

Plato was a duellist and thus believed that there are two worlds; the material world and the world of ideas/Forms. The world of ideas or Forms is the true reality and the world of appearances is just reflections of world of Forms. Plato believed that our knowledge of the Forms was a priori which means that our souls knew the Forms before it was inside us, therefore we have knowledge prior to experiencing the objects with our senses. Plato believes everyone is born with an intuitive but imperfect understanding of the Forms. He also believes the philosopher is able, through using his intellect, to achieve true knowledge of the abstract Forms without using his senses. Plato’s theory of Forms can be seen as unconvincing to some who believe that abstract ideas e. g table, horse, beauty are actually names that have been invented to help people describe their experiences of the physical world. This is a materialistic view as it suggests that objects in this world are the real reality and our ideas can develop based on experience of things. Aristotle agrees with this and believes knowledge is gained through experience and that there is not an eternal World of Forms that is a priori to us. However, in Plato’s defence some believe that each variety of a Form shares a likeness for example each horse is slightly different yet they all share something that makes it resemble a horse. According to Bertrand Russell, Plato`s theory made a `very important advance in philosophy, since it is the first to emphasise the problem of universals’. Plato’s theory is often regarded as unconvincing due to the fact that Plato believes that every object and idea in the world of appearances is an imperfect copy of an image or Form in the World of Forms. This suggests that there is a perfect Form of things such as a cinema ticket, mud or an insect and so on. According to Bertrand Russell, his ideas of the Forms when taken to its extreme.

Veteran’s Health Administration

The Sutter Health Network (SHN) is a network of doctors, medical foundations, and hospitals found in Northern California that offer a varied assortment of medical services and support programs to the public. The SHN was ranked as the ninth largest healthcare system in America in year 2009- based on their annual revenue. The Network involves itself with their local community; special care is taken to keep their health care costs down in order for their patients to get the best care possible at low cost. Health organizations regularly implement Federal Government Programs to manage health care costs for their patients. The Sutter Health Network is one of the health networks that have applied a Federal Program called the Veteran’s Health Administration. The Veteran’s Health Administration (VHA) provides military personnel currently in the military as well as the honorably discharged or retired soldiers with high quality health care and benefits earned through their service. These benefits include primary care pertaining to their service, care for special disability veterans, OEF/OIF/OND care management, medication co pays, specialized medical programs, counseling services, prosthetic therapy and sensory aids, services for blind/visually impaired veterans, mental health care treatment, work restoration programs, nursing home care, caregiver programs, and sexual trauma recovery. With the current economic recession, the number of veterans and military personnel who are now filing for Veterans’ Health Administration to cover their personal and family medical expenses has grown exponentially. The Sutter Health Network accepts coverage from the VHA and provides most of these benefits and health programs included. They connect veterans with primary care physicians or specialists in a number of different fields, surgery centers, urgent medical attention, complementary medicine, mental health care, and hospice. Connecting veterans and persons still serving the army or navy with the health care assistance they need increases the SHN’s revenue with each person they support. This helps the patient prevent monetary consequences from health concerns and increases national savings, which benefits the Sutter Network in a financial and economic sense. â€Å"At Sutter Health, we believe our patients deserve access to high-quality health care—regardless of their ability to pay or whether they have medical insurance. † The Sutter Health Network mission statement shows that they believe everyone deserves access to high-quality health care. They provide medical care for those in need, regardless if they can financially cover the expenses or not. The vision for their practice is to â€Å"enhance the well-being of people in the communities we serve through a not-for-profit commitment to compassion and excellence in health care services. † They value community, innovation, affordability, compassion, caring, excellence, and integrity. Each year, Sutter Health invests millions of dollars back into its communities. In 2012 alone, the network of physician organizations, hospitals and other health care providers invested $795 million in health care programs, services and benefits for the poor and underserved and the broader community. The SHN has donated thousands in support of the US military personnel and their families. In 2012, as a part of their commitment to assist those individuals, the SNH donated $25,000 to improving the lives of service men and women. The donation was split between the Fisher House Foundation, to provide housing for military families, and the River of Recovery, to support soldiers through recreational and rehabilitation program. Sutter Health provides information for toll-free support helplines support groups, and associations; which include National Peer Support, Veteran Affairs Suicide Hotline, VA Special Issues, and Military Pathways. Pat Fry, the president and CEO of Sutter Health Network, was awarded the Patriot Award by the Employer Support of Guard and Reserve (ESGR) for demonstrating leadership in support of veterans, employees on active duty, and their families. One of the values the Sutter Health Network works to maintain is the excellence of their medical care and the high levels of safety for patients and doctors. The SHN implements various forms of technology and personnel measures which are used to improve their healthcare delivery. Sepsis quarantine and prevention is taken seriously. Multidisciplinary care teams participate in a sepsis summit to review detection strategies, system wide measures monitor and track sepsis outbreaks, and sepsis bundles (checklists and recommendations for health care providers) are being introduced in emergency departments, intensive care units, and medical-surgical units where most severe cases of sepsis originate. Central-line infections and pressure ulcer prevention are recognized as serious hospital conditions and are taken seriously. Identification of patients at risk for pressure ulcers, or â€Å"bed sores†, promotes early identification and treatment. Installation of pressure-relieving mattresses and support surfaces are used for patient comfort and safety. Central-line associated blood stream infections (CLABCI’s) are serious and can cause life-threatening situations. Medical caregivers in the SHN are extensively trained for awareness of CLABCI’s and how they are prevented. Since the CLABCI prevention was introduced in 2007, it is estimated that around 202 cases have been avoided. In 2012, the SHN started the innovated Advanced Illness Management (AIM) program which reduces hospitalization time and health care costs. One person enrolled in the AIM program is Edward Fogarty of Rocklin, an 81-year-old Air Force Veteran who lives a fulfilling life while managing COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) and heart problems. Through the SHN’s new program, Edward is provided quality at-home nursing and personal care that manages his health, medication, and care without having to be emitted to a hospital. Keeping updated with current health informatics improvements and newly released technologies is essential to providing superior care to patients. The SHN uses the recently applied electronic health care records which enable immediate and easy access to all relevant information of the patient including medical history and insurance. Sutter Health became the first health care system in the Western United States to bring two separate eICU centers online, allowing continuous monitoring of critically ill patients by advanced video and remote monitoring. In one hospital, ICU mortality had been lowered a staggering 17. 3 percent from the year 2002, when the technology was employed, to 2004. Barcoding for medications and patients is a new and innovative development. Sutter Health is the first and only health care system so far in Northern California to implement this radical technology from Bridge Medical Center. A bar code is added to a patient’s wristband, and three separate codes are then input and used to match and monitor medication ordered by the over-seeing doctor, verifying that the patient receives the correct type and dosage amount. Sutter Health’s bar-coding technology has prevented approximately 28,000 medication errors across more than 2. 6 million attempted drug administrations throughout 10 hospitals in its first 18 months alone. The Sutter Health Network provides the highest quality care possible for their all of their patients, including military veterans. They take care to stay current with health informatics trends and technologies in order to do so. The support they gain from employing the Veteran’s Health Administration help provide military personnel, past and present, with the medical support or assistance as needed.

Food Waste Biomass Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Food Waste Biomass - Essay Example Food wastes are generated from hotels, restaurants, and other retail shops with one of the major causes being foods that are all not being sold. If the quality and freshness of the food products get compromised or lost, then customers tend to reject such food products. Moreover, since customers do not like waiting for their favorite food products, retail shops order for more of the products, often which is do not get sold entirely, thus leaving unsold foods that eventually becomes wastes. Since right amounts of food are often not ordered at the right time, this leads to the most losses of foods. Foods also turn into wastes if they are not treated or managed properly. For instance different food products might be required to be kept in particular temperatures which if neglected leads to wastes. Incorrect mechanical handling of foods also leads to wastes (Stenmarck et al 10-11). The environment gets affected by food waste since natural resources are lost as a result of food waste, alon g with release of greenhouse gases in the air. Also, since there are many people in the world who are in need of food while on the other food gets wasted can be associated with social impacts as well. Thus if hotels and restaurants report for food wastes, they also prove to be socially not responsible and hence might not gain their position in the world of business. With wastage of the food, the other energy sources that were involved in the production of the food also get wasted (Environmental and social impacts of food waste).

World War II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

World War II - Essay Example The war mainly caused many economic consequences that resulted in some affected countries lagging behind in development to the extent of not regaining their economic power even many years after the war. The main origin of this war was the creation of the German-Japanese-Italian alliance in the early 1930s. The formation of this alliance was with sole intention of expanding their boundaries by conquering their weaker neighbors. The older colonial powers such as Britain, Holland, and France were not impressed by this move from their rivals. Italy and German had entered into the colonial scramble like their rivals but because they developed late, they lacked the best territories that were strategically placed. The little territories they managed to acquire did not satisfy their increasing demands to expand their boundaries due to the little economic significance that the territories possessed. Tension arouse as the Triple Alliance, Germany, Italy, Japan and Hungary wanted to expand their territories by any means possible even if it was by conquering the Triple Entente’s, Britain, France and Russia, territories. The Triple Alliance wanted to conquer these territories due economi c reasons. Most of these territories were rich in minerals such as gold, diamond, and silver. These territories also had rich and fertile lands that the Triple Alliance realized would be useful to cultivate crops that would provide raw materials for their factories (McDonough, 1997). After the First World War, there was a critical breakdown in the international payments system. The production levels in many countries fell, thus affecting the international trade. Rich minerals such as gold was only concentrated in the hands of the capitalists nations such as Britain, USA, France and their allies. Despite the fact that they possessed plenty of gold, these specific nations were also in control of major resources and raw materials all over the world. This economic factor led to a

Prostate Cancer Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Prostate Cancer - Research Paper Example From a nursing perspective, a more responsible role for nursing professionals in the dissemination of information on the diagnosis of prostate cancer and its implications is a development of the late twentieth century. This increased caring role of the nursing professionals with patients diagnosed with prostate cancer also carries the implication of better knowledge of the disease and the treatment modalities, to be efficient in providing the required care quality (Davison et al, 2009, p.95). Prostate cancer is cancer occurring in the prostate gland. The presence of a cancer tumor in the prostate gland will result in enlargement of the prostate gland, which is responsible for the symptoms associated with the lower urinary tract displayed in those having the disease. In essence, the demonstration of these symptoms from an enlarged prostate results from the impact of the resistance to the flow of urine by the enlarged prostate and the response of the urinary bladder. The symptoms include nocturia, frequent urination in the daytime, hesitancy, and the requirement of strain to push the urine out or maintain the force of urine; intermittency; and the desire to void again shortly after urinating. These symptoms are not definite indicators of the disease, as for instance, it may be the result of benign prostatic hyperplasia (Ellsworth 2009, p.5). In addition, these symptoms are also seen in the general population, and as such are not sensitive or specific enough to be used for a diagnosis of prostate cancer. This lack of specific symptoms has placed the emphasis on the screening methods of digital rectal examination and determining the presence of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) to assist in the diagnosis of prostate cancer (Strief, 2007, p.476). There is no evidence to suggest that prostate cancer occurs from any specific and modifiable life styles of the male population. However, evidence points to three major risk

External Analysis of Shin Shin Training Center Assignment - 1

External Analysis of Shin Shin Training Center - Assignment Example This professional’s help the training institute in ensuring the required skills are laid out for the trainees. It also ensures that the proper staff is hired who are professionals in the services that they provide. There can be new markets that have better yields and may attract new firms. This creates a new platform for new entrants that decrease the profitability for all companies in the industry. There are factors that may affect new entrance that include barriers to entry like rights and patents. The Shin Shin firm has experienced new entries in the market that have their services for data analysis. The company should ensure that they identify the new ways other companies are using and introduce them in their company that will attract new customers. However, since the feedback of services at the center it has remained intact because its proper placed. Products that are outside the common product may increase the customer’s propensity in having alternatives. This creates potential factors of buyer switching costs, price performance, and buyer substitution. Other effects may be a depreciation of products and creating substandard products. Shin Shin company has a variety of courses, and the students can choose from, that are of quality. Their courses are not expensive which attract new customers due to price performance. This refers to the market of outputs where customers put the firm under pressure in terms of price changes. Companies can have the power to reduce buyer power using loyalty program. This means that when a buyer has many alternatives then their buyer power increases (Porter, 2008). The students who apply to the center for training usually compare prices with other firms. However, the Shin Shin Company has seen its loyalty programs remain intact since the value it gives students is high. Suppliers bargaining power is described as the market inputs where they can be a source of power in the firm when

Reflection Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Reflection Paper - Essay Example Not only the form of the art, but also the way art is expressed, tells us a lot about the country’s history and culture. Through art, we come to know about the societal life of the country. The way art is portrayed, the actors, the kind of humor or seriousness the art holds, everything contains in it a certain message that the person takes with him on his way to home. For example, film is one form of art. For example, American films talk about a lot of different cultural aspects of the country. Hollywood movies talk about racism, which shows that the society of USA is affected by the harmful aspect of racism. Films, like â€Å"Crash† by Paul Haggis portray the issues of race and gender. Hollywood films are also famous for their action-adventure and catastrophe movies like â€Å"2012† which shows that the American culture focuses on the artistic use of science, history and archeology, to produce an amazing work of

Lawrence Paul Yuxweluptun - contemporary artist Research Paper

Lawrence Paul Yuxweluptun - contemporary artist - Research Paper Example The paper "Lawrence Paul Yuxweluptun - contemporary artist" concerns the art of Lawrence Paul Yuxweluptun. Now this kind of art is called propaganda. Many contemporary artists, though, are again turning to art as protest, incorporating political statements within the frames of their artworks and striving to encourage a more humanitarian, sustainable approach to modern life. Lawrence Paul Yuxweluptun is no exception to this group of artists, although he may be considered more political than most. Like many artists at work today, a great deal of Yuxweluptun's art can be associated with the popular culture movements, but it is also heavily informed by modern politics and ancient legends. To understand Yuxweluptan's work, such as "The Impending Nisga'a Deal," it is helpful to know some background information about the artist and the event that inspired the work. Yuxweluptun is a Native American, his father is from the Cowichan Salish and his mother from the Okanagan, which had a strong i mpact on his art. He was born in 1957 and grew up mostly around the Vancouver area of Canada, giving him a very contemporary, modern viewpoint to his family's ancient roots as they were heavily involved in tribal issues. "He is deeply connected to his heritage as a man of mixed Okanagan and Coast Salish ancestry but cannot separate himself from the larger, non-Native society in which he now lives. He is an urban Indian, trained at the Emily Carr College of Art and Design, and his art partakes of conflicting traditions.

The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order Essay

The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order - Essay Example He avers that the secular ideologies are facing a new, serious threat of violence. The origin of this hidden volcano is between countries and cultures that base their traditions on religious faith and dogma. These limited numbers of cultures have taken the center stage to influence and dominate the important events that have serious bearings. They are Western, Eastern Orthodox, Latin American, Islamic, Japanese, Chinese, Hindu and African. Huntington argues, policymakers should take notice of this development, while trying to interfere in the internal affairs of another country. Rebuking U.S. in this regard Huntington says, â€Å"In the emerging world of ethnic conflict and civilizational clash, Western belief in the universality of Western culture suffers three problems: it is false; it is immoral; and it is dangerous . . . Imperialism is the necessary logical consequence of universalism.†(Huntington, 1998, p.310) What is the latent psychology of these cultural civilization groups that are part of a Nation? Is this civilization identity conflict-oriented or friendship-oriented? Are they wiling to live in mutual co-operation or with hidden grudges? Is living together as democratic citizens of one country are an act of compulsion? â€Å"For the first time in history global politics is both multipolar and multicivilizational; modernization is distinct from Westernization and is producing neither a universal civilization in any meaningful sense nor the Westernization of non-Western societies.† (p.20) The valley of these civilizations as perceived by Huntington is not all green! His forthright views merit serious consideration, in the light of what actually is happening all over the world, especially in Muslim countries, and the countries suffering from Muslim factor. According to him modernization does not mean westernization. Economic progress clubbed with revival of religion is a dangero us combination. The

Learning What Was Never Taugh Essay Example for Free

Learning What Was Never Taugh Essay In this short story, author Sabine Reichel tells her tale of growing up in a post-WWII Germany education system. Her main focus is the lack of history being taught at that time. The specific history she is referring to being that of Adolf Hitler, the holocaust, and the Third Reich. She looks at her own experience with her teachers and then talks at length about an interview she conducted later in her life with an older man who was a teacher in post-war Germany. This teacher, Casar Hagener, was a relatively young man at the time of the war and was very much against what was going on. Reichel conducted this interview when Hagener was seventy-six. He speaks of being forced into the Nazi party, being drafted, and his contempt for his contemporaries. The majority of her experience with teachers involves them dancing and side-stepping around the entire block of time that Germany was at war. The piece concludes stating that the German students today know more about Hitler and the Third Reich than any previous generation. Reichel could give more fact than observation if this piece were to truly hit home. She merely gives her own biased observation of what was going on with her teachers rather than any facts or case studies. Her inductive makes the story a bit weak in my opinion. I didn’t really find much to sink my teeth into in this story as Reichel only gives her point of view. There are no facts backing up her claim that German students today know more about Hitler and the Third Reich than any other generation. The language used in the story is quite descriptive. There were a few images that jumped off the page at me. One in particular was, â€Å"The dark clouds were gone, the past had been left behind, and he turned jocular and voluble again. † Another device used in the story is the simile. For instance when Reichel says the German youth must be, â€Å"resilient as leather, fast as a weasel, and hard as Krupp steel. The other example being, â€Å"A house without a fence is disorderly, like a coat with a missing button. † I read this story immediately after writing my response to Hotel Rwanda and it made me think about how much history repeats itself. In thinking about the genocide in Rwanda and the lack of action from the international community I think about the lack of action right now in Darfur. Watching Hotel Rwanda, I could only think that the international community would learn from what happened in Europe during WWII and learn from that.

Plato - Socrates Essay Example for Free

Plato Socrates Essay Apology, in greek, means ‘to give defense’ (###). In Plato’s Apology, Socrates is blamed for numerous acts and elegantly defends himself in front of the court. To start off, he was first accused of studying astrology and demonology and passing his knowledge and beliefs to other people. His first response to this was blatantly asking who has heard him speaking of such acts: â€Å"†¦should tell each other if anyone of you has ever heard me discussing such subjects to any extent at all† (19d). He also claims that if anyone has heard of him charging fees for his teachings, that that is a lie as well. Socrates continues by saying that god at Delphi claims that he is the wisest man in Athens, and he challenges anyone who believes they are wiser. Even though Meletus refuses to believe the words that Socrates speaks, he continues to listen as Socrates further explains his viewpoint. Socrates continues by saying that the reason behind his unpopularity lies behind his ability to analyze others. He criticizes the politicians, the poets, and the craftsmen for their apparent wisdom. Socrates first examines the Politicians, saying that â€Å"†¦I found that those who had the highest reputation were nearly the most deficient†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (22a) meaning that they possessed little to no wisdom. Next, Socrates examined the Poets. He simply stated that the poets had no clue what they were writing about. He believes that their poems come from sheer inspiration and natural talents, and their wisdom has nothing to do with it. Finally, Socrates speaks about the craftsmen. He shares his belief that the craftsmen are very wise, but they only possess knowledge of their crafts. Secondly, Socrates was accused of corrupting the minds of the young. Meletus originally claimed that only Socrates is guilty of corrupting the minds of the youth. Socrates asks Meletus a few questions such as: Who improves the young? In which Meletus responds by telling Socrates that the law is held responsible for improving the law. Socrates then follows up by asking who contains the knowledge of the law? : Where Meletus answers with the jurymen, audience, members of council, etc. Socrates then summarizes all of the premises for Meletus by concluded that everyone in Athens besides Socrates improves the young. Socrates continues his argument with an analogy. He uses an anaglogy involving a horse trainer. He states that there are very few horse trainers who are experts in their field, and their job is to improve them to the best of their abilities. If an ordinary person, one whom isn’t trained on horses, were attempt to train a horse, they would simply only make matters worse. What Socrates is trying to say here is that ther are very few ‘trainers’ that train people, and contrary to Meletus’s beleifs, Socrates is one of those trainers. Socrates quickly turns the boat around towards Meletus and claims that he has never given any thought towards the youth. He then continues to upgrade his argument by saying that most people, if not all, would rather live in a town full of good people rather than bad: â€Å"Do not the wicked do some harm to those who are ever closest to them, whereas good people benefit them? † (25c). This quote shows how he agrees with the previous statement that most people would rather live with good people. He states here that bad people will harm the ones that are closest to them, whereas good people will only bring them goodness. Socrates then follows up on his argument by repeating Meletus’s thoughts that he, Socrates, intentionally corrupted the minds of the young. He concludes by saying that, usually, when people harm another person, a harmful return should be expected. Therefore, if he intentionally harmed the youth, then he would be expected to be harmed as a result. He asks Meletus â€Å"†¦namely that if I make one of my associates wicked I run the risk of being harmed by him so that I do such a great evil deliberately, as you say? † (25e). Here, Socrates explains that if he were to harm another person, then he would be subjected to harm himself, and what person would subject themselves to harm in the first place? Socrates finalizes his attack on the second charge by saying that he’s either innocent of corrupting the youth, or he did so unintentionally. If he was found guilty, however, then he should rather be taught than to be subjected to the court. `In my eyes, Socrates argument was relatively strong here. During his speech, Socrates quickly turns to focus of his argument to the inconsistency of the charge and his belief in new spiritual things. He addresses Meletus’s belief in spiritual things by saying that it is a contradiction to atheism. Socrates justifies his beliefs by saying that you can’t believe in human activities but not believe in humans, or believe in flute-playing but not believe in the existence of flutes. Therefore, Socrates concludes by saying that you can’t believe in spiritual activity but not believe in spirits. He also makes his argument stronger by mocking the court in a sense with strong irony. In the beginning of The Apology, Socrates was being charged of impiety, using rhetoric to potentially acknowledge the truth behind the lies of the law. Reading about Socrates, it is clearly shown that he is quite fond of exposing the truth, making him a prime example of a rhetorician. In order to turn his case around in the court, Socrates uses rhetoric to defend himself. Since he saw no way out of the situation, he decided to complement his character and keep to his traditional ways. However, towards the end of the argument, Socrates seems to lose focus and his argument becomes less and less stable. In Crito, Socrates was given the death sentenced, and when the opportunity arised for an escape, he refused. Crito gave him numerous reasons as to why Socrates should escape. First, Socrates would be abandoning his wife and children. Secondly, people are willing to pay his way out of jail, that way he wouldn’t be in debt. Also, if he didn’t escape, Crito worries what people would think of Socrates’ companions. He is worried that the situation would reflect badly on them, that they did nothing to help Socrates escape. As well as deserting his wife and children, Crito believes that Socrates will also be deserting himself. After all he has believed in and persevered through, Crito doesn’t want Socrates to give up now. Finally, People are willing to risk themselves to help him escape from prison. Crito thinks that since Socrates has so many reasons to escape, that he should quickly act upon the situation. After Crito delivers his five reasons as to why Socrates should escape, Socrates states two different premises as to why he should stay in jail and accept his punishment. First, he defends himself against Crito’s speech. He first questions whether or not he should remain in prison and accept all punishments against him, or agree with Crito and escape. He states that if he were to escape from prison, then he would be saying that it is acceptable to perform injustice acts. He then corrects the statement by saying that no matter what the issue is, it’s unacceptable to wrong against any man. Following up, Socrates states that if one were to agree over something, then under no circumstances should that agreement be broken or cheated on. While Socrates is living in Athens, he is agreeing to all of the rules and regulations that the law presents. If he doesn’t agree with the laws, then he has the choice of leaving in pursuit of a new city or challenge the law itself. If he doesn’t perform either of these acts, then he is subjective to the laws of the city. Socrates then combines all of these premises to come to the conclusion that he should accept his punishments and refrain from escaping. Socrates then lays out his second premise by first stating that if he were to escape, he will then destroy the Law of Athens and the City, something that he promised not to break upon living in the City. At the age of consent, Socrates turned into a man, thus agreeing to the rues and regulations of the city. The law originally allowed his parents to wed and deliver Socrates, and then in turn allowed Socrates to wed and have children. So far, the Law of Athens have done nothing but help the upbringing of Socrates and his children. However, he then states that if the Law and the City’s ruling was unjust, then if Socrates were to escape, he wouldn’t be breaking the Law of Athens. The problem here is that the only way Socrates would be able to prove his ruling unjust is if he was on an equal footing with the Law of Athens or if he did not promise to abide by the Law of Athens and all of its rulings. If he was on an equal footing with the City, then whatever the city would do to Socrates, Socrates could do the city, which is inaccurate. After all, the city is responsible for the upbringing of Socrates and his family. Since he isn’t on an equal footing, and he did promise to follow all of the rules and regulations of the City, Socrates concludes by saying that the ruling of the jury was accurate. Socrates addresses the first three arguments of Crito by saying that they are irrelevant to whether or not his escaping is right or wrong. Secondly, Socrates says that although that remaining arguments are valid, the do not give good enough reasons. In Crito, the city is wronging Socrates by order of execution. Therefore, by complying to the wrong accusation, is Socrates committing an unjust act as well? With all of the arguments Socrates has made so far (one has to keep his promise, one should follow the rules of the Law, one should never commit wrongdoing), he cannot admit it. Another validation issue in Socrates’ argument is the potential contradiction with The Apology. In The Apology, Socrates states that under no circumstances will he obey any order to stop philosophizing: â€Å"Gentlemen of the jury, I am grateful and I am your friend, but I will obey the god rather than you, and as long as I draw breath and am able, I shall not cease to practice philosophy.. † (29d). Another example that seems to be contradictory in his beleifs in Crito is the story of Leon form Salamis. Socrates was ordered to bring in Leon for a possible execution, but instead headed home. â€Å"Then I showed again, not in words bu in action, that, it if were not rather vulgar to say so, death is something I couldn’t care less about, but that my whole concern is not to do anything unjust or impious† (32c-e). Here, Socrates shows how he refused to do something that he believes to be unjust. Relating this back to his situation in Crito, Socrates was being punished for being unjust, thus putting him in the same position as Leon. In Crito, he shows his obligation to obey the Law of Athens, even if that meant he was going to stop philosophizing as well as being wrongfully executed. In Phaedo, Cebes and Socrates have a long a thorough conversation of the existence of the soul. Cebes’s argument is that the soul is recycled through different bodies. However, the more times the soul is reused, then more it is damaged. Cebes believes that when the soul eventually runs out, it will result in the death of a birth. He finishes his argument by telling Socrates that unless you can prove that the soul is immortal, every man must be fearful of his soul and what will happen to it if it is reensouled. Thus, if anyone was to face death with confidence would be considered unwise. Socrates follows up with his New Method of Hypothesis. Here, he states that everyone is participating in a certain form, whether it’s the form of tallness, the form of beautiful, etc. : â€Å"I assume the existence of a Beautiful, itself, of a good and a Great and all the rest† (100b). He believes that the form of Beautiful is made up of participates, and that they all come together to create the form. Socrates also comes up with the Exclusion of Opposites. Here, he states that everything that is condisered a ‘universal fact’, will never have both itself and it’s opposite simultaneously. Socrates uses the example of the Form of Tallness, saying that one can’t possess both the Form of Tallness and the Form of Shortness. What he means here is that you can’t be both tall and short at the same time. He continues on by saying that certain states of affairs have opposites, but their character is made up of the opposite that they possess. As his argument goes on, Socrates states that the soul brings to body life as well as anything that it possesses. If this is true, then that would mean that the soul is immortal, always reensouling another body. This is unlike what Cebes said, since he was convinced that the more times the soul possessed a new body, then the sould would become weaker and eventually cease to exist. Following up on Socrates’s argument, if the soul never dies, then that you mean that it is imperishable. In conclusion, Socrates can say that the soul is abiding.

Social Workers Knowledge Of The Law Social Work Essay

Social Workers Knowledge Of The Law Social Work Essay I want to be a social worker, not a lawyer Robert Johns p.1 The aim of this assignment is to consider the importance of law for social workers and discuss the professional skills and values which underpin social work practice in England and Wales today. I will firstly look at how law frames social work practiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. The relationship between the law and social work practice is complex. Although an in-depth understanding of how the law affects every day social work practice is essential, it also involves much more than just learning the legal rules. Constant reflection and critical analysis of your own values and practice of social work are required to be an effective practitioner (block 1 p130). However, Jeremy Roche argues that although the law provides a framework it cannot tell social workers what to do in every circumstance. The law cannot always resolve the dilemmas and tensions that face social workers everyday. Above all, the law cannot substitute for sound professional practice. (Robert Johns p.7) How the law is made The Law provides a framework for practice which grants the social worker with powers to take appropriate action. A starting point for understanding the legal framework is Statute law which is one of the main sources of law and is contained in an Act of Parliament. The Children Act 1989 is an example of statute law. The language of statutes can sometimes appear confusing for example the meaning of significant harm is not described in detail in the Children Act 1989 and can therefore be open to interpretation. A social worker will therefore have to provide evidence that the child is likely to suffer from significant harm and such decisions will be made jointly with legal advisers and managers (block 1 p.51) Case law is the second source of law which is developed by the courts from judgments made on cases brought before them (block 1 p.51). An example of case law that has an impact on society is the case of Diane Pretty who had a terminal illness causing a physical disability and she wished to have the right to choose when to die with the help of her husband. Dianes argument was that the right to life contained within Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) also implied a right to die (block 1 p.52). However, her application was rejected by the court who stated that Article 2 was not concerned with the quality of life. (block 1 p.52. Although the language of statutes can be difficult to understand, there are two words which will help social workers to interpret statutes and they are duties and power. Legislation provides social workers with certain powers as well as duties that social workers are legally bound to fulfil. An example of this is shown in the case study of Masie when her need for a service requires as assessment as decisions will be influenced by not only the social workers commitment to values and best practice but by the legal duties and powers. However, it can be frustrating when it is clear that a service is needed for a service user but there is insufficient money to provide that particular resource. A further example of the importance for social workers to have a thorough knowledge of the law in order that they can make decisions on appropriate legislation is shown in the case study of the Clarke family (p 82 of block 1 book) where the social worker attends the family home on an arranged visit and finds Emily (mother) under the influence of alcohol while the children were playing with cutlery in the kitchen. This is clearly an issue of child protection as the children are likely to suffer significant harm if they remain in the care of their mother. It therefore makes it a duty for the local authority to investigate and provide services as well as having the power to protect the children. How the law underpins social work practice: The law which underpins social work practice was radically redrawn in the 1980s following a series of scandals for example the events in Cleveland where social workers were accused of an over-readiness of taking children into care and the fact that the parents felt totally undermined and were not afforded proper rights to present their views. Interestingly the Cleveland Report also acknowledged the dilemma of child protection work namely that social workers are damned if they do, and damned if they dont (Robert Johns p.10) As a consequence of the events in Cleveland, many key principles such as the accountability of social workers to the law are now enshrined in the Children Act 1989, and according to Robert Johns, social workers welcomed the clarity this would have (word better) Values Principles Throughout my reading and my experience as a social work student I have learnt that before we can even think about working anti-oppressively within the law we need to look at our own experiences. Everyone has values and principles which shape our behaviour and perceptions of the world and it therefore important that social workers reflect on their values as their decisions will have a direct affect on the services they provide when practicing. (p126 block 1) Although social work values underpin decision making when working with service users, there are also values embedded in legislation which support social work values. However, there maybe areas of conflict or tension between legal values and social work values, particularly when a service user is deemed to be entitled to certain community services look at page 129 and expandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. There are also areas of the law that social workers may find difficult to address, for example, the Diane Petty case which I discussed earlier, where a commitment to social work values could mean respecting Dianes wishes. In order to demonstrate my own professional development as a social work student, I will briefly look at how the legislation underpins the assessment of children in need and discuss the importance social work values while completing an assessment. A child in need assessment should provide a clear understanding of the childs needs and is based on the provision of the Children Act 1989 and 2004, the principle that underpins the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families (Department of Health, et al 2000), Working Together (Department of Health, 1991), and Every Child Matters which provides the legislative foundation on which policy and guidance has been built to inform social work practice in assessment. The social workers knowledge of the law and service provisions can be critical in empowering service users (Block 1 p20). It is essential for the social worker to work in a way that is both anti-oppressive and which recognises cultural perspectives. Anti-oppressive practice means recognising power imbalances and working towards the promotion of change to redress the balance of power. (Dalrymple and Burke 2003, p.15). Social workers have to make decisions in their everyday practice based on their own values and good practice is about involving service users through all stages of the assessment, inviting them to meetings, informing them of their rights and options as well as working in a way that is accountable (Thompson 2006). This would also support social work value D Value, recognise and respect the diversity, expertise and experience of individuals, families, carers, groups and communities (GSCC, 2002). It was interesting to note that Jane Aldgate (in Law and Social work book) looks at both the strengths and weaknesses of the assessment framework and although acknowledges that the shared language between professionals is undoubtedly a strength, Calder and Hackett, 2003 (in law in social work) criticise that the omission of risk as a separate category can lead to professionals underestimating risks when completing an assessment. Conclusion The law provides a framework to guide and assist social workers in making crucial decisions and preventing anti-discriminatory practice as well as providing a framework of legal rights for service users. Principles of social justice and human rights are fundamental to social work and without an in-depth understanding of the law and how it affects social work practice, it would be impossible to practice effectively. Throughout my experience as a social work student together with my research and reading for this assignment it has become clear that in order to comply with the General Social Care Council Codes of Practice (2002) social workers must view the law as an integral part of their role.

The Lives of Dickens Characters :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

The Lives of Dickens' Characters Charles Dickens' literary works are comparable to one another in many ways; plot, setting, and even experiences. His novels remain captivating to his audiences and he draws them in to teach the readers lessons of life. Although each work exists separate from all of the rest, many similarities remain. Throughout the novels, Oliver Twist and Great Expectations, the process of growing up, described by the author, includes the themes of the character's ability to alienate themselves, charity given to the characters and what the money does to their lives, and the differences of good and evil individuals and the effects of their influences. Collectively, these major novels overflow with orphans, adoptive parents, guardians, and failed parent-child relationships. Oliver, the main character in Oliver Twist, must forget about his "infantile past" (Marcus 182) in order to seek "the idyllic future" (Marcus 182). He gets hurled from orphanages to foster parents and so on until he finds himself a portion of the "wrong crowd." The pickpockets take him under their authority and attempt to show him the ropes of the embezzling operation. The orphan adapts well to the swindling lifestyle of Fagin and the boys, and through a series of mischievous choices, authorities apprehend him for stealing (although Dodger was the true felon), and Oliver must live with the consequences. Great Expectations also emphasizes the process of growing up through Pip, the main character. Pip's mother and father passed away while he was young, and he was forced to reside in the house of his older sister and her husband. The boy obtains many idealistic fat hers, including Joe, Magwitch, Jaggers and Pumblechook, but none of these men can give him what he needs from a predecessor. Dickens demonstrates to the reader the consequences that bad parenting has on children. Some children are warped by the "knottiest roots" (Lucas 141). Pip, Estella, and Magwitch are all examples of hurt children. The bitter children dwell on their past, or "what has been forgotten" (Marcus 182), and blame the parents for their sufferings. Other children such as Joe and Herbert survive bad parents and go on with their lives, not letting the history affect the outlook. Personalities in the novels became cut off physically or spiritually from human companionship. Oliver suffers from a sense of estrangement. He fears being abandoned by foster parents and friends, even though the relationships are not healthy for him.

Art History :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sexton 1 I. Phenomenological Description and Interpretation All five of the archetypal shapes are in my self-portrait. First of all, the outside appearance is that of a square of rectangle. I feel that people who do not know me do not perceive any of the characteristics that the other shapes represent. Stability is the only characteristic represented by the shapes that people perceive of me. Inside my stable world is a circle in the middle of the bottom of the box. Within the circle is a triangle. This represents how spirituality is the center of my inner self and I find balance within my spirituality. Coming up from the center of the box is a spiral. As the spiral reaches its apex, there is an equidistant cross. This represents how I am constantly growing in order to reach a critical decision-making time of my life (what I want to do for the rest of my life). All of the Yoruba chromatics have been used in portraying my personality. But the most abundant type by far is dudu. The majority of the inside of my box are colors of brown, black, and gray. These colors show how I am very practical and down to earth. People who do not know me see me as down to earth and this does not change even when one gets to know me. The person at the bottom of the box has all three types on him. This represents how at some point in time my close friends see all the personality traits (aloof, passionate, and practical). The inside of the circle at the bottom of the box is colored orange. This shows how I am more passionate when it comes to my spirituality. The inside of the triangle is colored shades of red and blue. This shows how I am passionate, yet cool since I have found a balance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sexton 2 The color contrast of my self-portrait is very weak. There are no strong contrasts between light and dark. I am not dramatic or intense by any means. The weak contrast in colors illustrates how I have a subtle personality. The lack of pastel colors shows that I do not have a delicate personality. The line directions in my self-portrait are all horizontal and vertical. The majority of the direction is horizontal, which shows how my personality is very passive. The vertical lines show that I have a stable personality as well as the potential to be dynamic.

Minorities in Life of a Slave Girl, Push, and Song of Solomon :: Song Solomon essays

Minorities within Minorities in Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Push, and Song of Solomon      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In a study about minorities, the groups that are differing from the dominant culture are seen as homogeneous. But, if we look deeper into the groups, we can see that there are distinctions among the minorities concerning lifestyle and social status. In Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Push, and Song of Solomon the authors gave some examples in the background of their stories that shows people with differential identities of the general identity of the minorities.    In the autobiographical Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, we see that the "free" African-American people form a group which is much less in number than the slaves. We surely cannot properly call them "minorities" in its general sense, but as having a different situation than the rest of the African-American population. When taking the stories of Jacobs as a basis, it is inevitable to talk about only the situation in South.    We can identify the "free" African-Americans in the South as having fulfilled the most important dream of every slave. These people are mostly ex-slaves, who are set free by their masters or who bought their own freedom. With the new generations coming there are also freeborn blacks whose parents were ex-slaves. Although fulfilled their most important dream, these people are not happy and fearless as they should be.    White people of the South just couldn't bear the fact that any black person was called free. In fact the African-Americans were always living with the danger of being unjustly accused of any kind of crime. As Linda is telling us, white people search every house where black people live and put around false evidence to be able to severely punish and even kill the people they hate so much (ch.12). We learn from the stories that is not always a guarantee to be free from slave hood. Linda tells us how her grandmother was set free as a child but then recaptured and sold to other white people as a slave (341-342).    There are also some rules concerning the marriage of these so called "free" African-Americans. If a free black man is married to a slave woman, he has no power to protect his wife from any kind of abuse coming from her master.

Isu for History

Explanation of why I choose this Topic: I chose this topic simply because of my interest towards evaluating main characters. Both the film Iron Man and the novel A Clockwork Orange, share a similarity in which characters consisted of such acts, attitudes, and behaviors; that were not accepted by others. In this topic, I am able to closely examine the main characters, and to study their personality and their daily lives. My interest focuses on character aspects, and how they developed throughout the story. This is the reason why I chose this topic.What I hope to prove on my essay: In this essay, I am looking into certain character attributes which explains their role as a â€Å"Nonconformist hero â€Å". My goal is to gather as much information about the character, so I am able to come up with 2-3 strong controlling ideas. But, it is also needed to be proven with sufficient proof from both the novel and film. By this, my essay will become stronger within its content. Basically, all information needs to be linked to the main topic – Nonconformist Hero. Outlining major points which will be considered when writing essay:The major points in this essay are going to involve around the main characters from both Iron man and A Clockwork Orange. In the film Iron man, Tony Stark is the main character. Tony Stark consists of every aspect of a Nonconformist hero. He is an individual person, a loner, a dissenter, and a dissident. He is a character that refuses to listen to what others say. Tony Stark does whatever he desires, and does not take others advices. He is a multi millionaire man who runs a company that creates high tech weaponry for the American army.Tony Stark is a brilliant man that creates advanced technology such as; robots, missiles, and others. Despite his intelligence and its positive impact to the country, Tony is careless and self-serving. He consists of a character in which others (society) do not accept. Throughout the film, viewers begin to see his transformation to a hero, but yet still consisted of an ignorant personality. In the novel A Clockwork Orange, Alex is the main character. Such major points will include his gang, and it’s violating behavior.Such aspects include his behavior which is not accepted by others (society). His thoughts and the corrupted society motivate him to commit such crucial acts such as; rape, robbery, and murder. Alex is an example of a Nonconformist character, because he is someone that refuses to act upon expected behavior and thoughts. As the story goes on, it is possible that Alex may begin to encounter obstacles which transform him to a different person towards the end of the story. A paragraph that states the aspects of my essay: In my essay it will consist of 2 controlling ideas.The first controlling idea will be about the character Tony Stark, of the movie Iron man. This point will demonstrate all character aspects of Tony Spark. Clearly illustrating his personality, and explain s how it is linked to a Nonconformist hero. For the second controlling idea, it is going to be about Alex of the novel A Clockwork Orange. Aspects of his acts and his surroundings are going to be explained and proved with sufficient proof. The whole essay is going to be consisted of examples, and explanations of a deep analysis of the characters.

Literacy Narrative Essay

Throughout my childhood, the idea of having a college education was greatly stressed. As a result, it was my duty as the next generational child, to excel in my studies and achieve a life of prosperity and success. Learning became the basic foundation of my growth. Therefore, my youth was overtaken by many hours spent reading and writing what was known to be correct â€Å"Standard† English. I first found this to be a great shortcoming, but as I grew older, I began to realize the many rewards acquired by having the ability to be literate. During adolescence, I began reading and writing through a fundamental learning program called, â€Å"Hooked on Phonics. † This program consisted of long hours spent reading short novels and writing elementary phrases which were commonly taught in the second and third grade. With the motto, â€Å"Improve your child’s reading and writing skills in just four weeks! † I was bound to become the next Mark Twain. The method of this course specialized in the improvements of word acquisition rates as well as reading speed; however, it lacked in the area of teaching comprehension. At a young age, I was instilled with the dire need to be highly educated and although I was unable to experience a fun and adventurous childhood like many other children, I am grateful for being raised with a greater knowledge and wisdom than that ingrained in many. From my past experiences, I have grown to prefer reading over writing. When I am reading, I can visualize the text in any way that I see fit. It is almost as if I am rewriting the novel using the illusions that I feel express the words in a passage. For example, in the current independent novel I am reading, it portrays a woman of high stature who is able to lure men in, like a hunter does its prey, and feed on their weaknesses. When I am reading this phrase I automatically visualize a fisherman trying to catch a fish using his worms as bait. Although this illustration has no reference to the novel, it is the picture that I chose to use, depicting the woman and her way of getting what she wants. As the audience, I have control over what I am reading and can express myself in any way that I would like, without having to worry about what society thinks of my views and opinions. Unlike reading, when writing, it is important that grammar, spelling and vocabulary terms are used correctly, therefore restricting me from writing in the way that I would prefer. The most stressed phrase while in high school was, â€Å"It is not the content of the essay, but rather the mechanics of grammar and speech that are most prominent. † Unfortunately, I have never been one to enjoy the art of writing. In fact, I was recently given a diagnostic test, determining at which level I write and whether or not I should be upgraded to a higher achieving English class. Unfortunately, I did not pass the test with flying colors. This was not due to the fact that I am incapable of writing a good paper, but rather that I am unable to write in a limited amount of time, using the emphasized principles of correct; grammar, vocabulary and spelling. In the reading, Shitty First Drafts, by author Anne Lamott, it is a fact that in order to write a brilliant paper, a first draft must be created. According to Lamott, â€Å"The Only way I can get anything written at all is to write really, really shitty first drafts, all writers write them. † (94) This is a quote in which I can relate being that in order for me to begin a final draft, I must first have written a first draft, usually one that is in absolute disarray. From here I can begin my journey into the final essay. This is one reason why my diagnostic writing was so disorganized; I didn’t prepare any sort of rough draft to guide me through the writing processes, which inevitably lead to my remaining semester in Writing 01 instead of Writing 10. Writing is an area that requires much preparation and efficiency, ultimately resulting in my reluctance to write just for the heck of it. Overall, writing is too complex! It is rather important to be well-rounded in the aspects of reading and writing. Our country is built on the belief that English is one of the greatest languages of the world and without it anything properly called â€Å"thought† is impossible. Although there are many types of different cultures in America, in order for us to communicate, it is greatly emphasized that we all have the ability to speak and write in the same language. For instance, if I were to visit a foreign country, it would be to my benefit to speak the same language as others. This same principle is being stressed in America today. As foreigners migrate to America, they have an obligation to learn the culture, speech and skill, learned by other American citizens and use them to their own advantage as a mean to get ahead in life. It has become a proven fact that in order to succeed in America-with a number of relatively minor although often highly visible exceptions-it is important to speak, read, and understand English as most Americans speak it. It is also a fact that people who don’t learn to speak â€Å"Standard† English have a much more difficult time achieving job and career success. An example of this theory is found in the short story titled, â€Å"Talking in the New Land,† by Edite Cunha. Edite and her family are a valid example of how, speaking one language which is culturally different than that of the common language can be a disadvantage in the long run. Throughout the story Edite and her family struggled to communicate because they had no knowledge of how to convey their issues to others. According to Edite, â€Å"I looked at her blankly, not knowing what to say. What was a Social Security number? † (549) As a result, her father was unable to collect on his unemployment and they failed to pay their rent. This is largely due to their inability to speak the English language. In any event, Edite had no choice other than to begin her lessons in learning â€Å"Standard† English for the sake of her and her family. The American language, commonly referred to as â€Å"Standard† English, is one of the most widespread languages in the world and therefore has become a tool that can help people of different backgrounds communicate with one another. It bestows a power that is almost invaluable, a power which allows us to have our own views, opinions and preferences. It gives us the freedom of speech, (The First Amendment) which inevitably allows us to express our ideas and thoughts in every fashion possible, without having to gain permission from the rest of society. There are many connections between my reading experience and the power of language. I am given the power to read in the privacy of my own home without the interruptions of others. Therefore, I am able to read aloud and gain an understanding of the text, without having an audience to critique my reading skills. I am given the power to express my opinions and views without having to debate why I had that sort of reaction to the reading. Lastly, I can read at my own pace. I have no obligation to read speedily in order to seem as though I have no complications with the words in the text. In my opinion, people should be given the right to speak and read in any language that they wish. Although, it may benefit them to be knowledgeable in the speech that is being taught and spoken in the common country, everyone has their own cultural background and each has the right to be literate in the way that they desire. They were given the right to freedom of speech through the First Amendment of the Bill of Rights and therefore, have the right to speak in their own native language. Literacy plays a major role in the lives of humans today. It gives us the power to read, speak and write and is therefore a valuable asset to society and the development of its economy.

Summary and Critique of George F. Will’s View on Inaugural Addresses

Wade Vierheller Professor Combs English 300 27 September 2012 ‘Let Us’†¦? No, Give it a Rest Summary and Critique George F. Will is a Pulitzer-Prize writer and an editor for Newsweek. He is well-known for his strong conservative political commentary. He discusses the history of Inaugural Addresses and how they reflect the way the country has changed throughout the years. He points out a number of differences such as sentence structure, tone, and topics. For example, he cites the numbering of words.He mentions George Washington’s second sentence of his address, which was 87 words. On the one hand, I was summoned by my country, whose voice I can never hear but with veneration and love, from a retreat which I had chosen with the fondest predilection, and, in my flattering hopes, with an immutable decision, as the asylum of my declining years–a retreat which was rendered every day more necessary as well as more dear to me by the addition of habit to inclin ation, and of frequent interruptions in my health to the gradual waste committed on it by time.Back then, the culture was much different, as most people learned to read were through difficult literature such as Pilgrim’s Progress and the King James Bible. Herbert Stein, â€Å"who for 60 years was an economist and connoisseur of American’s political culture,† discovered that the average number of words per sentence for Inaugural Addresses has steadily decreased: â€Å"from Washington through Buchanan the average number of words per sentence was 44; from Lincoln through Wilson, 34; since Wilson, 25. † Will believes that â€Å"the general shortening of sentences reflects, in part, a change in nature of Inaugural Addresses. He refers to Teddy Roosevelt who called the presidency â€Å"a bully pulpit. † Later addresses have had an incentive to tell Americans how to behave with phrases such as â€Å"The only thing we have to fear†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and †Å"Ask not†¦Ã¢â‚¬  A more popular phrase which was used by Kennedy and Nixon was â€Å"Let us†¦,† which according to Will means, â€Å"For Pete’s sake, pull up your socks and shape up. † The content of the Inaugural Addresses has also changed. George Washington had to be much more modest, speaking about his personal problems and as much as he would like to rest, his country was calling him.In the beginning with Washington, the issue was that he would be able to turn the presidency into another monarchy. Around the time of Cleveland and Garfield, a major issue was polygamy. During the time of Monroe, the issue was coastal fortifications. As of today, these are no longer on the list of major issues. This progression shows how the country has grown over the many years. Though Will is happy that we do not have to talk about the issues of the past anymore, he does not like the shortening of sentences and how Presidents have become more like preachers.He sho ws appreciation of Washington’s modesty despite the amount of praise he was showered with, but understands how there were different problems during that time. Most of what Will says is backed up with some strong points, using factual information from past people such as Cleveland, Garfield, and Teddy Roosevelt. This greatly backs up his claims, making them hard to argue against. He makes strong arguments that clearly show how there has been quite a change throughout the history of the Inaugural Addresses. A significant point he brings up is the decrease in the word count per sentence over the years.It’s true there has been a major change in literature over the years. Personally, I had some trouble keeping up with the incredibly long sentence made by George Washington. It’s interesting how he partly blames it for the â€Å"change in the nature of Inaugural Addresses. † I’m not sure if I see much connection between the two. Also, though shorter sente nces shows our reading mental muscles are weaker than our ancestors’, but this does not seem to have any major negative effect on society, unless Will’s statement about the changing in Inaugural Addresses in coordination with shortening of sentences is true.This leads us to another point about the context of Inaugural Addresses. Looking at the parts of Washington’s address or Lincoln’s address (â€Å"Fondly do we hope, fervently do we pray, that this might scourge of war may speedily pass away†¦ With malice toward none, with charity for all†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ), they show hope and love in their speeches. When looking at later ones, they’ve become much more preach-y. For Will, this does not seem to be a good adjustment, and I have to agree with him here. At least in the beginning, it’s never been the President’s job to tell us how to behave.It is true that he is our leader, but his part in leading the country is taking care of politica l matters such as federal law and diplomatic troubles. Another very interesting matter he brings up is the drastic change in subject matter from speech to speech. With Washington, it was the fear of monarchy. For Monroe, it was coastal fortifications. For Lincoln, it was slavery. For Garfield and Cleveland, it was polygamy. Throughout the years, the severity of the nation’s problems has declined. It’s really something to be proud about. It shows that despite the other reasons Will has pointed out, this country has grown for the better.We’ll always have problems and we’ll keep working to solve them. This gives us drive and displays our strength and motivation. In his article, Will has done a good job of backing up his opinions with strong factual information. While I do not completely agree with him, I’m able to understand and respect his views. Really the only problem I have with the paper is the assumption on how the shortening of sentences  "reflects†¦ a change in the nature of Inaugural Addresses,† because I can’t understand how that exactly works.Works Cited Will, George F. â€Å"‘Let Us’†¦? No, Give it a Rest. † Newsweek 22 Jan. 2001: 64. Print. .

The Immune System – Overview

We are surrounded by billions of bacteria and viruses. To many of them, a human being is like a walking smorgasbord, offering nearly limitless resources that they can use for energy and reproduction. Luckily for us, getting into the human body is not an easy task! From the point of view of these tiny organisms, a human is a bit like a fortress. The skin is thick and very hard to penetrate. In addition, the skin also produces a variety of substances that are harmful to invaders. Openings such as the eyes, nose, and mouth are protected by fluids or sticky mucus that capture harmful attackers.The respiratory tract also has mechanical defenses in the form of cilia, tiny hairs that remove particles. Intruders that get as far as the stomach are up against a sea of stomach acid that kills most of them. But in spite of our fantastic defenses, hostile invaders still manage to get through. Some enter along with our food, while others may sneak in via the nose. And, as we all know, many things can break through our skin. In everyday life we often receive cuts or scrapes, and every time this happens we face the risk of a full-scale invasion from bacteria or viruses.What is the magic, then, that keeps us healthy most of the time? When we receive a cut, and when invaders enter the body, cells are destroyed. The dying cells trigger an automatic response called inflammation, which includes dilated blood vessels and increased blood flow. An inflammation is the body's equivalent to a burglar alarm. Once it goes off, it draws defensive cells to the damaged area in great numbers. Increased blood flow helps defensive cells reach the place where they're needed. It also accounts for the redness and swelling that occur.Immune Cells: The Defense The defensive cells are more commonly known as immune cells. They are part of a highly effective defense force called the immune system. The cells of the immune system work together with different proteins to seek out and destroy anything forei gn or dangerous that enters our body. It takes some time for the immune cells to be activated – but once they're operating at full strength, there are very few hostile organisms that stand a chance. Immune cells are white blood cells produced in huge quantities in the bone marrow.There are a wide variety of immune cells, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. Some seek out and devour invading organisms, while others destroy infected or mutated body cells. Yet another type has the ability to release special proteins called antibodies that mark intruders for destruction by other cells. But the really cool thing about the immune system is that it has the ability to â€Å"remember† enemies that it has fought in the past. If the immune system detects a â€Å"registered† invader, it will strike much more quickly and more fiercely against it.As a result, an invader that tries to attack the body a second time will most likely be wiped out before there are any sympt oms of disease. When this happens, we say that the body has become immune. Bacteria and Viruses: Our Main Enemies | A virus needs a host cell to reproduce. | Now that you know a bit about our defenses, let's take a closer look at our primary enemies. Bacteria and viruses are the organisms most often responsible for attacking our bodies. Most bacteria are free living, while others live in or on other organisms, including humans.Unfortunately, many bacteria that have human hosts produce toxins (poisons) that damage the body. Not all bacteria are harmful, though. Some are neutral and many are even desirable as they fulfill important functions in the body. Bacteria are complete organisms that reproduce by cell division. Viruses, on the other hand, cannot reproduce on their own. They need a host cell. They hijack body cells of humans or other species, and trick them into producing new viruses that can then invade other cells. Frequently, the host cell is destroyed during the process. Pat hogens and AntigensIn daily life we might speak of viruses, bacteria, and toxins. However, when reading about the immune system you’ll often come across the words antigen and pathogen. An antigen is a foreign substance that triggers a reaction from the immune system. Antigens are often found on the surfaces of bacteria and viruses. A pathogen is a microscopic organism that causes sickness. Hostile bacteria and viruses are examples of pathogens The Immune System – in More Detail The immune system is one of nature's more fascinating inventions. With ease, it protects us against billions of bacteria, viruses, and other parasites.Most of us never reflect upon the fact that while we hang out with our friends, watch TV, or go to school, inside our bodies, our immune system is constantly on the alert, attacking at the first sign of an invasion by harmful organisms. The immune system is very complex. It's made up of several types of cells and proteins that have different jobs to do in fighting foreign invaders. In this section, we'll take a look at the parts of the immune system in some detail. If you're reading about the immune system for the first time, we recommend that you take a look at the Immune System Overview first (see link below).The Complement System The first part of the immune system that meets invaders such as bacteria is a group of proteins called the complement system. These proteins flow freely in the blood and can quickly reach the site of an invasion where they can react directly with antigens – molecules that the body recognizes as foreign substances. When activated, the complement proteins can | -| | trigger inflammation| | -| | attract eater cells such as macrophages to the area| | -| | coat intruders so that eater cells are more likely to devour them| | -| | kill intruders|Phagocytes This is a group of immune cells specialized in finding and â€Å"eating† bacteria, viruses, and dead or injured body cells. There are t hree main types, the granulocyte, the macrophage, and the dendritic cell. | The granulocytes often take the first stand during an infection. They attack any invaders in large numbers, and â€Å"eat† until they die. The pus in an infected wound consists chiefly of dead granulocytes. A small part of the granulocyte community is specialized in attacking larger parasites such as worms. | The macrophages (â€Å"big eaters†) are slower to respond to invaders than the granulocytes, but they are larger, live longer, and have far greater capacities. Macrophages also play a key part in alerting the rest of the immune system of invaders. Macrophages start out as white blood cells called monocytes. Monocytes that leave the blood stream turn into macrophages. | | The dendritic cells are â€Å"eater† cells and devour intruders, like the granulocytes and the macrophages. And like the macrophages, the dendritic cells help with the activation of the rest of the immune system.The y are also capable of filtering body fluids to clear them of foreign organisms and particles. | Lymphocytes – T cells and B cells | | The lymphatic system| The receptors match only one specific antigen. | White blood cells called lymphocytes originate in the bone marrow but migrate to parts of the lymphatic system such as the lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus. There are two main types of lymphatic cells, T cells and B cells. The lymphatic system also involves a transportation system – lymph vessels – for transportation and storage of lymphocyte cells within the body.The lymphatic system feeds cells into the body and filters out dead cells and invading organisms such as bacteria. On the surface of each lymphatic cell are receptors that enable them to recognize foreign substances. These receptors are very specialized – each can match only one specific antigen. To understand the receptors, think of a hand that can only grab one specific item. Imagine that your hands could only pick up apples. You would be a true apple-picking champion – but you wouldn't be able to pick up anything else. In your body, each single receptor equals a hand in search of its â€Å"apple. The lymphocyte cells travel through your body until they find an antigen of the right size and shape to match their specific receptors. It might seem limiting that the receptors of each lymphocyte cell can only match one specific type of antigen, but the body makes up for this by producing so many different lymphocyte cells that the immune system can recognize nearly all invaders.T cells T cells come in two different types, helper cells and killer cells. They are named T cells after the thymus, an organ situated under the breastbone. T cells are produced in the bone marrow and later move to the thymus where they mature. Helper T cells are the major driving force and the main regulators of the immune defense. Their primary task is to activate B cells and killer T cells. However, the helper T cells themselves must be activated. This happens when a macrophage or dendritic cell, which has eaten an invader, travels to the nearest lymph node to present information about the captured pathogen. The phagocyte displays an antigen fragment from the invader on its own surface, a process called antigen presentation. When the receptor of a helper T cell recognizes the antigen, the T cell is activated.Once activated, helper T cells start to divide and to produce proteins that activate B and T cells as well as other immune cells. | PARTS AND FUNCTIONS White Blood Cells * The smallest parts of the immune system are the myriad types of white blood cells that are responsible for demolishing malicious bacterial, viral and tumor cells. T cells serve as both managers and infection killers. They are responsible for activating and communicating with other types of white blood cells before destroying malignant cells like parasites and tumors. Natural killer cells directly attack virus cells and tumor cells such as lymphoma, melanoma and herpes.They work alone without communicating with other parts of the immune system. B cells work to produce antibodies that attach themselves to foreign cells as a sign to natural killer cells and T cells to attack and destroy. Bone Marrow * An essential aspect of the immune system–and the origin of all types of immune system cells–is red bone marrow. Bone marrow is a specific type of tissue that grows in the empty centers of bones. This tissue uses the process of hematopoiesis to manipulate its own stem cells into B cells and natural killer cells, as well as the foundational pieces of other immune ells like T cells. Once they are created, these cells migrate out of the marrow tissue and circulate through the blood stream to infection sites, other glands or around the body as general patrol entities. Thymus Gland* The foundations of T cells produced in the bone marrow, called thymocytes, leave the tissu e and travel to the thymus gland for completion. The thymus is a small gland located near the lungs in the upper torso. Thymocytes complete their maturation in the thymus through the process of thymic education, where each cell is developed and examined for maximum efficiency.Cells that are not strong enough to provide immune support are destroyed and absorbed by the thymus, while the successfully matured cells are excreted from the gland into the blood stream. Spleen The spleen, which is located on the left side of the abdomen just under the lung, is a blood filter that works to remove malignant cells from the blood stream. To assist in this function, it holds a significant store of B cells, T cells and natural killer cells to help eliminate any contaminants that are caught.The spleen also assists in immune function by holding a store of red blood cells and platelets that can be deployed as support for the immune cells in the event of an infection or wound. Lymph Nodes * Lymph node s, found throughout the body, are also integral parts of the immune system that filter tissue fluid for bacteria cells, tumor cells and viral particles. Like the spleen, lymph nodes are full of the various types of white blood cells that clean the lymph fluid before returning it to various areas of the body.Lymph nodes are located in the head, neck, arms, legs, abdomen and genital area of the human body and are connected through a network of afferent lymphatic vessels. In the event of an infection, white blood cells can use these lymphatic vessels to quickly communicate with other parts of the immune system. SKIN The skin is the largest organ in area. With the Langerhans cells in the lowest epidermal layers, it is equipped with specialized immunologically competent cells. The Langerhans cells play a central role in the skin's immune system and are an integral part of the body's total defence system.The body's own defence against microorganisms begins directly at the skin surface. Sp ecial fatty acids from the sebaceous glands (i) and the secretions of certain bacteria belonging to the physiological skin flora inhibit the growth of fungi and bacteria. Certain enzymes present in sweat (lysozymes) can destroy the cell walls of invading bacteria. If a foreign body passes this first line of defence – for example, due to skin damage – the skin's immune system responds. Many cells help fend off foreign bodies. Among these are cells – like the Langerhans cells – that are specific to the skin's immune system.

Being Gay in America

The topic I choose to write about is being gay in America. This has been a rising topic in America. Homosexual people feel that they should have the same rights that heterosexual people have when it comes to marriage being at the top. What two people do with their lives is up to them but when they try and add another person into their lives, it changes the circumstances. Gays have been trying to fight for their rights for years. The Society for Human Rights in Chicago is the country’s earliest known gay rights organization. Wisconsin was the first state to outlaw discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from its official list of mental disorders (InfoPlease). Just recently the military got rid of its â€Å"Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell† policy allowing gays to serve in the military openly. I don’t see anything wrong with two people getting married to each other, but I don’t feel that hom osexuals should be capable to receive the same benefits of marriage like heterosexuals. If a gay person wants to be married then they should but they also should be taxed for being in a same sex marriage.I feel like they should get taxed because it is not natural for a man to be with a man or a woman to be with another woman. Two of the same sex cannot bear children therefore it is not acceptable to me. Homosexuals are trying to get the same equal opportunity as heterosexual marriages unless they are willing to pay some kind of payment. Under the Defense of Marriage Act made in 1996, it states that a gay married couple can take advantage of state laws with the benefits of marriage, but not any of the benefits by federal law (DOMA).The benefits that heterosexual marriages aren’t authorized to are social security, tax, estate, veteran and military, federal employment, and immigration. The law also states that marriage is legal union between one man and one woman. Under the law, no state may be required to distinguish same sex marriage considered to be marriage in another state. There are six states that consent same sex marriages which are Connecticut, Iowa, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, and Vermont.Since most states don’t allow same sex marriage, many homosexuals have ended up going with civil union. Civil union is lawfully documented union like to marriage, but it is not marriage. It is the declaration of a partnership shared by a couple. Civil union isn’t recognized by the federal government and under the Defense of Marriage Act other states don’t have to oblige to recognize them. States that allow civil union are California, Colorado, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Maine, Nevada, New Jersey, Oregon, Rhode Island, Washington, and Wisconsin.If you are gay that is fine. What you do behind closed doors is your problem, but many gays are adopting children and raising kids into their lifestyle. In our society today, it has been a n all-time high of suicides due to bullying. Why would you want to put a child in that kind of situation where they will be picked on because they have two dads or moms? Cited Section 1. ) DOMA. www. domawatch. org. 28November 2011 2. ) www. hrc. org/issues. 28November 2011 3. ) INFOPLEASE. www. infoplease. com. 28November2011 4. )

BUSINESS ENVIRONMENTS AND PUBLIC POLICY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

BUSINESS ENVIRONMENTS AND PUBLIC POLICY - Essay Example The company has a truly effective corporate social responsibility in the country. The Chief Executive Officer of the company, Mr. Penny, clearly states that a company does well when it does good-beneficiation (Goldsmith, Arthur 136). This has had a great impact in the growth of the country over time. De Beers Diamond Company believes in giving back to the society by contributing to the improvement of the living standards of the people of Botswana. This is seen through its commitment to better the infrastructure and superstructure of the country by building roads, hospitals as well as schools. The company has improved the social welfare of the Botswana people by implementing educative and awareness programs on health issues and most importantly on H.I.V and A.I.D.S. The company believes that helping the people of Botswana remain productive and live in better conditions will have a positive impact on its operations. In the economic aspect, the company has greatly boosted the countryâ⠂¬â„¢s economy. Its operations currently cater for one third of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country’s economy. Through the discovery of diamond in the country, the company has empowered the country to deviate from over reliance on the agricultural sector and has given it a competitive advantage in the diamond trade. Both the social and economic role go hand in hand. It is very had to separate the two as they are driven by similar factors. Through the economic gains reaped by the company from its operations, the benefits are able to contribute to economic growth, as well as foster, social development through the various projects. Through the economic role the company plays, the people are able to benefit from a more stable economic and this indirectly improves their standard of living. This is a perfect example of sound business practice. A company must be able to support its community, for whom it may not have existed. A business

Housing Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Housing Finance - Essay Example The housing financial sectors can play very essential and important roles in this process. As a policy officer I had great chances to work with governmental homes, communities, agencies and council of members of that particular locality. With respect to my vast experience in this field I have some views regarding housing and regeneration, which I want to share with the people of Chesterfield Derbyshire. The proposal for housing and regeneration is on account of the great demand of people who cannot forward their housing demands to the open market. The local council members have got the authoritative power of local housing. They are responsible for conducting researches and analysis regarding housing matters and trends. They organize funding for special housing schemes according to social environments. Moreover the environmental factors are very much related to housing and health policies. The awareness regarding these matters will enable to manage the housing and regeneration policies so perfectly. The center for planning and housing research often conduct seminars to verify the currently prevailing situation of housing and housing finance. This enables the housing and planning authorities to adopt methods and schemes to be implemented for the uplifting of the project. These types of seminars are too much worth since they can provide certain views regarding housing schemes and mortgage market. Sometimes these seminars are helpful for designing houses at affordable prices according to market trend. The main disadvantage of this process is the instability of the global economic condition. If the economic instability is prevailing for a prolonged period that will effect the housing and housing financial sector so inversely. In such situations the central and local ministry can do something positive to countercheck the falling trend in housing sector. The authorities of housing, financing, planning and regeneration can do a great deal if the governmental agencies are ready to supp ort them. This associated event will enable them to find out fresh alternatives to deal such unfavorable situations so successfully in both social and private housing sectors. The very common alternative at this juncture is to develop plans to construct houses at affordable costs irrespective of the economic down fall taking place globally. While undertaking this task the government must simultaneously launch measures to reduce the price hike and cost of living among common men, so that the government can succeed in bringing the poverty under control. All these miraculous measures are capable to make the ordinary people feel anything unfavorable with respect to economic recession taking place globally. Role of housing and planning research centers Housing and planning research centers can be commissioned by governmental authorities and community personnel. This is a very suitable suggestion to estimate the improved housing schemes. These innovative housing schemes can be made popularized among people of any concerned locality by providing them suitable awareness and advice. This is very essential to eradicate any existing misunderstanding among the people regarding housing and regeneration process. The advices and awareness class are capable to familiarize people about affordable schemes such as low and medium housing projects. The community planning division can